Causes Of Animal Extinction Biology Essay

Causes Of Animal Extinction Biology Essay Abstract: This essay discusses about the causes of animal extinction. Animals are sidestepped as we tend to focus more on something that happens to our brethren. However, we also forget that what happen to our species, the human beings, it affects the animals and plants more, as they dont have the ability to think and manipulate the environment as skilfully as we do. Habitat destruction, uncontrolled hunting and trading spreading of diseases, and drastically changing climates are among the prominent causes of animal extinction. We are exposed to what animals are endangered, we are exposed to how we can conserve them, but we have yet to be exposed to what causes the extinctions, which will roll the ball for further research on how to prevent them. This would be useful, as prevention is always better than cure. Animals are part of our ecosystem, not only they contribute to the ecosystem and help to balance the ecosystem, they also have many uses in our daily lives, as the source of nutrition, researches, pets and trading. But due to humans greediness, selfishness and also expand in populations, caused the population of the animals to decrease up to the point that they are in danger and eventually disappear from the surface of Earth like Dodo bird and Tasmanian Tiger. Yet, this issue is ignored or sidestepped as we care more of what affect us directly, when we should know that sooner or later, as part of the mammal species, these phenomena will also happen to us. Habitat fragmentation, destruction or loss, unsustainable hunting and wildlife trade, global warming and disease are the factors that lead to animal extinction. Based on AZEs  [1]  calculation, endangered species under their observation consist of amphibians (408), birds (217), mammals (131), and reptiles (15). This could be referred to Figure 1  [2]  . Figure Habitat Fragmentation One of the main factor of animal extinction is habitat fragmentation, loss or in another word habitat loss. Research had been carried out by Bancroft and Turchin in year 2003, using a series of experiment with grain beetles, Oryzaephilus surinamensis proved that 6% out of 247 populations went extinction  [3]  when they carried out the experiment on the relationship between habitat fragmentation and decreasing food abundance  [4]  and the result shown that these grain beetles went to extinction due to low food supplies. This result gives a suggestion that habitat quality is more important than the habitat size itself. Not only are that, another study that was carried out by Warren, another researcher, who does research on 13 types of protists in 1996  [5]  by applying three levels of habitat destruction of microcosm. As the result, the population of the surviving species greatly declined due to the rising in habitat destruction. As we know, Tropical Rainforest  [6]  co nsisted of many precious trees that used as the materials in industrial purpose. Not only for industrial uses, but also as the habitat for variety of species. Due to the huge demand by various parties, more trees had to be cut down to satisfy the demand of the parties. As the result, that inhabitants population begin to decrease as theres not enough place to live and hunt. If this is prolonged, the animals species will go extinct. Unsustainable Hunting and Wildlife Trade Another factor that contributes to animal extinction is unsustainable hunting and wildlife trade. This happened in many countries across the world. Many animals were hunted to extinction when the aboriginal Europeans, Americans and Australians developed the effective hunting technology  [7]  . One such animals were hunted to extinction by this is the Dodo birds. Certain bird such as the Eskimo curlew went extinct when they were relentlessly hunted by the market gunners during their migration. Some animals were caught for pet trade such as orang utan. These animals are considered exotic and were sold to the people that are interested in this kind of wildlife animal and were willing to pay for it. In one of the most outrageous cases of simultaneous drug and wildlife smuggling which occurred at Miami Airport in 1993, 312 boa constrictors that arrived from Colombia were found carrying inside them 39 kilos of cocaine. All of the snakes eventually died  [8]  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Shows t hat wildlife not only kept as pet but also for drug trading purpose. Animal such as leopards, jaguar and Guadalupe fur seal were highly favoured for their beautiful furs was hunted to get their pelts and the same goes to tigers where poacher killed them for their body parts which are used in traditional medicine and aphrodisiacs  [9]  . Not only tiger was hunted for this purpose, but rhinoceros and elephants too, were hunted for their tusks. All these items were sold for high price in black market. Commercial whaling for their meat and oils  [10]  had threatened the most of the Baleen whale and several toothed whales species in the world. Whales meat is popular among the Japanese and its one of their favourite dishes, thus in order to meet the demands in Japan, every year whales was hunted during whaling season. Primates are often captured for research purpose especially in well developed country. They are trade to the biomedical lab with certain price and this biomedical la b will use them as research in finding cure for certain disease. An example of primates that often used in this field is chimpanzees. Even though they are not yet extinct, but they are classified as the endangered species because they are not only used in research but also become the target of the bushmeat hunter. Global Warming The third factor would be global warming. Mother Earth and its residence depend on the seasons for their routines and timings. Mating season, migration, all of it due to the weather. With global warming, the timing of seasons is changing. Some are longer than expected, some are shorter than hoped. This bungled the biological clock of animals that are already accustomed to instinct-based timing and activities. While it seems nothing to us humans, it is consequential towards animals and plants. Migration accelerates.( will expand later) Dehydration, combined with the rapidly vanquishing habitats, causes certain species to vanish.(will expand later) Stuart Pimm, an expert in extinctions and biodiversity at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina stated that species living in the ecological sites are more vulnerable, as they dont have much choices of places to migrate to when the temperate changes  [11]  . It is interesting to note that not as expected, the animals living at the polar (North Pole and South Pole) is not as vulnerable as the animals living in other climates, though the poles have experienced seen differences. That is because of the scarce geographical places the endangered species can run to is smaller than them. Dangerously, not only animals in endangered spots that are facing the fatalities. According to biologist Terry Root, of Stanford Universitys Center for Environmental Science and Policy, many species are striving to hold on to their current locations.  [12]   Disease There are two groups of diseases: natural occurrence, which is formed since a very long time and unpreventable, and the other one would be human-induced or mutated. Both would give dire consequences on the species affected, especially in masses. Among the example of human-induced diseases are effects of insecticides. Insecticides are regarded as a low-level dangerous substance, as they tend to prevent high crops loss. However, it also forced pests and infections to evolve. Once evolve, we would need a higher dose of insecticides. In the end, the effects of insecticides in plants will affect the animals that eat them too. Besides that, there are effects that happen not to the animal directly, but towards the next generation. A hen may lay eggs with thinner and fragile eggshells. This, while seem minor, could actually cause a higher risk of survival. In the long run, extinction would not be far in the future of the species. This really did happen. One insecticide, DDT, caused the eagle and peregrine to produce eggs with fragile eggshells, causing the eggs to break when the mother sit on them  [13]  . How can they be incubated without the mother warming the eggs? How can the mother incubate the eggs without sitting on them, yet when it sits, they will break? These are among the complexities that we dont comprehend or didnt put into the equation when we create the insecticide. Too much protection would also be unhealthy. When a species is protected from risks and diseases up to a paranoid level, it causes them to have lower and lower immunity to their offspring. This causes them to be weak and unable to sustain injuries and total fatalities if they ever catch any infections. Lastly under the factor of diseases, are the effects of genetic evolution. While it was not the total annihilation of species, it is still, in a sense, the cause of species extinction, happening due to the chances of survival with the enhanced or reduced ability. Perhaps a smaller or robust body is better adapting during this period of time, whereas speed and agility is more vital during the past. This theory applies to the birds, where during prehistoric times; birds have wider scales of bones while they have smaller lighter body now. Habitat, food consumption, and brain metabolism, all contribute towards genetic evolution, causes the extinction of the older type of species in exchange for a better, new species. Conclusion Thus, it is supported that the evidently seen causes are habitat loss, unsustainable hunting and trading of wildlife, global warming, and finally, infectious diseases. Two of it in which we contributed a lot in making it much worse, and two of the latter in which we have taken part albeit indirectly. Although a little out-dated, this research still hold a whole lot of truth. It is hard to fund more of these kind of research, as we humans are more interested in studying further of subjects that brings more material benefits instead of invisible threats. We are keener on studying on the psychology of potential customers, convenient products, and less consumption of resources. These researches are conducted with good intentions, but obsession of a narrow topic makes us putting a blind eye over other things that matter too, namely, other creatures co-existing with us. Some of the references here were spoken on 2006. Now, its 2011. In the span of 5 years, how much have we lose, can you imagine?

Urban Heat Islands :: essays research papers fc

Urban Heat Islands For more than 100 years, it has been known that two adjacent cities are generally warmer than the surrounding areas. This region of city warmth, known as an urban heat island, can influence the concentration of air pollution. The urban heat island is formed when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes more abundant. In rural areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy is used to evaporate water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where less vegetation and exposed soil exists, the majority of the sun's energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt. Hence, during warm daylight hours, less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas. Additional city heat is given off by vehicles and factories, as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. At night, the solar energy, which is stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads, is released slowly into the city. The dissipation of heat energy is slowed and even stopped by the tall building walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as do the relative level surfaces of the surrounding countryside. The slow release of heat tends to keep city temperatures higher than those of the unpaved faster cooling areas. On clear, still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low- pressure area forms over the city. Sometimes a light breeze, called a country breeze which blows from the countryside into the city. If there are major industrial areas along the city's outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate. At night, the extra warmth of the city occasionally produces a shallow unstable layer near the surface. Pollutants emitted from low-level sources, such as home heating units, tend to concentrate in this shallow layer, often making the air unhealthy to breathe. The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may actually influence the climate of a city. For an example, certain pollutants reflect solar energy, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form. Water vapor condenses onto these particles, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. Moreover, the added nuclei increases the frequency of city fog. Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them. Just such a situation is described in a controversial study conducted at La Porte, Indiana, a city located about thirty miles downwind of the industries of

Analysis of the Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies Essay

There are many types of societies, but three of the most prevalent types are the preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial. The preindustrial society is very limited by its agricultural focus. Industrial societies use advances in technology and mass production to support a large population with three distinct social classes. In postindustrial societies the focus shifts from mass production to technological innovation. Preindustrial societies are primarily agricultural, and because of this there is little variation of social classes. The production of goods was limited by the agricultural nature of these societies, which left little time for much else. Due to a lack of fast communication between communities, the cultures didn’t mix and any technological advancement was not shared. Agricultural based societies were replaced with industrial societies which were based on the use of machines to produce goods. Industrial societies are constantly changing thanks to technological innovations, so fast communication is essential. People started living in cities and urban areas, and began working specialized jobs. New medical technology and improved living conditions extended life expectancy. Family became less important, and the influence that religion once had started to diminish. In postindustrial societies the sale of goods is replaced by services as the main form of economic activity. Knowledge becomes essential as innovation begins to drive the economy. The value of the blue-collar worker declines, as the value of skilled professionals increases. These are the three most widespread types of society. The preindustrial society relies on agriculture. Industrial societies use advancements to support a large population with specialized workers. Postindustrial societies focus technological innovation to run the economy.

The Constitution as a Controversial Document Essay

Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written? Name: Institution: Date of submission: Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written? Introduction The United States Constitution was written more than 200 years ago and it has been used as the foundation for the government. The constitution has been and still remains the most durable political agreement in the history of the world. Even though an inspiring document, its creation was not that easy but controversial. Its framers were divided over a number of major issues which led to lengthy arguments when it was being written. After its creation the Constitution still remains controversial. It†¦show more content†¦The issue of a two party system was another issue that sparked controversy as the American constitution was being drafted. The delegates failed to accept that it was a two party system. This continued to create a growing rift among the advocates. It led to the separation between advocates for a large and stronger versus those for a small and a weak federal government. Slavery was another controversial issue in the drafting of the constitution. It was not about its abolition, but rather division on to which state the slaves would be counted to in working out a state’s population as well as the amount of property tax to be implemented over the owners3. The government decided to it would not interfere with the slave trade for no less than 20 years, but this move received opposition from the southern. Eventually, another controversy of the constitution was the issue of the citizenship. The written constitution did not clarify what composed citizenship. It did not also deliver the particular rights for a United States citizen4. These issues led to the controversy in the Bill of Rights. The Bill of rights still remains controversial due to the changing times. Conclusion As the constitution was being written ideas were divided between the advocates. The advocates understood that that the constitution was an idea of the republican thinking, providing for a new level to the people’s electedShow MoreRelatedWhy Was the Constitution a Controversial Document608 Words   |  3 PagesWhy was the Constitution a controversial document even as it was being written? The United States Constitution is the very foundation that the nation has been built upon, but its birth was not easy. The framers of the Constitution divided over many key issues relating to it and often argued at length over the creation, ratification, and implementation of this imperative document. Since the Constitution came into being it has been the epicenter of Civil Rights reforms, questions of state sovereigntyRead MoreControversial Issues in the United States Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, especially when a new country is formed, there are many controversial issues. 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It is no puzzle that theRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Declaration Of Independence1086 Words   |  5 PagesJeffersons work went through a thorough process of editing and correcting by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin before the release of the final version in 1776. The purpose of the document is to unite the citizens and convince them to rally against the tyrannous king of Great Britain. Franklin and Adams edit this document in a specific way so that it does not exclude any of the oppressed. They accomplish this by removing certain statements about independence, happiness, religion, and slavery. The finalRead MoreEssay on The Power Of The Judiciary1649 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Supreme Court of the United States strictly as a legal institution is to underestimate its significance in the America political system. For it is also a political institution, an institution, that is to say, for arriving at decisions on controversial questions of national policy.quot; (Dahl, Role of the Supreme Court Symposium, pg.279) The point here is that proportionately, the Judiciary yields as much power and policy making capabilities as any of the other two branches of governmentRead MoreThe U.s. Political System877 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. political system was planned out in the Constitution. This is a living document that can be amended and that is still constantly up for interpretation. The document has seven articles that lay out how the government is set up, plus 27 amendments. The first ten amendments make up the Bill of Rights. It is significant that our political system includes the Bill of Rights because it illustrates how we not only set up our government to govern but how we also set it up in a way that inherentlyRead MoreThe Issue Of New Zealand1430 Words   |  6 Pagesto govern a country based on it. Having a written constitution in New Zealand will give New Zealanders more access about certain documents on the consitution itself. On the other hand, if New Zealand continuously having an unwritten constitution, the citizen may not have knowledge on it due to limited access on it. This essay will clarify on constitution and what is a written constitution. This essay also covers the need to include the Constitution Act 1986, the Public Finance Act 1989 and the Arms

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 899 Words

William Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most of his plays were known to be quite funny. He also used poetry and wrote about love in his plays. One of his most famous plays is Hamlet. There is a constant struggle and competition for power, because everyone wants to be in control. This story is centered around family and abiding by the traditions of that century. Hamlet appears to be crazy, although there are several ideas that support that he is not as an insane as everyone seems to think. In Hamlet, there are constant secrets going around which causes Hamlet to go crazy. Hamlet is a very powerful and smart guy, but not a lot of people know that. He is also very clever, and no one can ever figure him out or what he is thinking. At the beginning of the play Hamlet falls in love with a girl named Ophelia, and then is interrupted by Claudius, the antagonist of the story, who is Hamlet’s uncle, the king. Hamlet believes that his uncle killed his father, and he has evidence to prove so. Oh, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. ItShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous reve nge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. 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Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. 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The Greatest Impacts Of The World On Theology And Government

Two of the greatest impacts one can have on the world are those on theology and government; since its origin, one’s religion had dictated his/her decisions, actions, and basic routines of daily life and a nation’s government affects the many people living under it, controlling them. Historically, these two areas of impact have been rarely been any less significant. Thus, even in their own times, medieval German religious leader and founder of the Protestant Church, Martin Luther and ancient Chinese political philosopher, Confucius were highly influential. In fact, their lives continue to affect us, today. As of December 2011, about 800,640,000, or 11.6% of the world’s population, was protestant, continuing Luther’s legacy. Confucius’ philosophy, known as Confucianism and dominated Chinese beliefs for millennia, ending in its control over politics only with the fall of imperial China and the birth of the Republic of China. Throughout many other parts of East Asia, however, Confucianism has in some ways prevailed, being the root of ancestral offerings and various familial and societal relationships and continues to be taught in many of the region’s schools. Both Confucius and Luther have deeply affected the world, both in their own times and today. The two men are similar in that sense. They are also similar in having brought new beliefs to their societies. Despite these similarities, though, Confucius and Luther differ from one another in one significant way: Luther’sShow MoreRelatedAlthough Dietrich Bonhoeffer only lived for thirty-nine years, his impact on the world is still1500 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Dietrich Bonhoeffer only lived for thirty-nine years, his impact on the world is still felt to this day. Bonhoeffer was born in Breslau, the largest city in what is now western Poland, on February 4, 1906, and a few seconds later, his twin sister Sabine was born (Kelly and Nelson, 3). 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TheRead More The Protestant Reformation Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesbut now common among the laity, assumed a secular character, and in only too many cases fostered actively and practically a pagan spirit, pagan morality and views. A crude materialism obtained among the higher classes of society and in the educated world, characterized by a gross love of pleasure, a desire for gain, and a voluptuousness of life diametrically opposed to Christian morality. Only a faint interest in the supernatural life survived. The new art of printing made it possible to disseminateRead More20th Centu ry Arts and Artist Paper1683 Words   |  7 PagesSecond World War, examining the various revolutions in the world (scientific, political, economic, social, spiritual and artistic) and their impact on philosophy, theology, literature and the arts. This course so far has allowed me to see the influence of the Western thinking, forms of thinking and ideas on non-Western cultures and vice versa. As an accomplishment of this assignment I want to review and contrast five artists of the early 20th Century who were influenced by the changing world and theirRead MoreThe Kingdom of God Essay2664 Words   |  11 Pagesprogression in view begins with the original Jewish understanding moving into the Catholic Era of History where Popes determined wars and money ruled the world as the Church governed in corruption. After that period the Reformation takes center stage and moves subtly into Dispensational ideology of governance and wraps up with a Covenantal Theology takeover. The main ideas o f Kingdom throughout the eras may be seen in low light within these certain aspects, but is certain to give a jump off point

Forecasting Innovation Pathways †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Forecasting Innovation Pathways. Answer: Introduction: In the competitive times, the emerging technologies and innovative processes are the need of almost all the business undertakings. In all the industries like retail, automobiles, service, the regular update of technology is a must since it can give firms an edge in the competitive environment. In 2017, some of the most key emerging technologies are liquid fuels that can be derived from the artificial-leaf technology (Gil-Garcia, Helbig Ojo, 2014). This new technical system would basically act like a real leaf and use the carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight for the purpose of producing fuel. Such kind of artificial leaves could bring about a revolutionary change in the environment since it would give rise to a closed model where the produced carbon dioxide could be converted into fuel instead of burdening the environment (Khanagha et al., 2013). This new technology would allow mankind to produce carbon-rich fuel in a sustainable manner. Actually, this emerging model has been proposed since quite some time but it did not get off the ground since it was considered to be an uneconomical model. But today it is believed that the artificial leaf is much more efficient than the natural photosynthesis process because it allows the CO2 in the air into alcohol that can be burned as a fuel (Robinson et al., 2013). Artificial photosynthesis The artificial photosynthesis process that would be carried out would use the natural inputs i.e. solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide in order to generate the energy-dense liquid fuel. This new system could utilize the pure carbon dioxide in its gaseous state or the gas that is available in the air. It shows that it would not introduce any additional greenhouse gas into the atmosphere (Tomlin et al., 2013). This efficient model sounds like magic to the ears. Theoretically, this model could be used in large-scale power plants to turn water, air, salt, and sunlight into usable fuel without the need to manufacture batteries to save this energy. This process would be almost carbon neutral since the carbon dioxide would be converted into fuel that could be used for utilized for important processes. The solar fuel that would be generated in the process would reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources of energy (Robinson et al., 2013). For a number of decades, scientists have been working on this concept so that they can produce fuel that can be stored and used at a future time. This emerging technical idea could simplify the issues of researchers and scientists and solve the key challenge relating to the solar and wind power. Different scientists from all around the globe have been working on this model to enhance the fuel production process. The actual introduction of the new concept on the global platform could resolve the issue faced by mankind relating to lower energy sources (Khanagha et al., 2013). The sustainable energy solution will facilitate the adequate generation of fuel and could meet the needs of the growing human population as well as the corporations. Like a real photosynthesis process, this emerging technology would introduce a positive change on the environmental front and improve the work processes. If humans could efficiently mimic the process used by plants to generate fuel, the Earths energy issue could be solved (Tomlin et al., 2013). References Gil-Garcia, J. R., Helbig, N., Ojo, A. (2014). Being smart: Emerging technologies and innovation in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 31, I1-I8. Khanagha, S., Volberda, H., Sidhu, J., Oshri, I. (2013). Management innovation and adoption of emerging technologies: The case of cloud computing. European Management Review, 10(1), 51-67. Robinson, D. K., Huang, L., Guo, Y., Porter, A. L. (2013). Forecasting Innovation Pathways (FIP) for new and emerging science and technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(2), 267-285. Tomlin, Z., Peirce, S. C., Elwyn, G., Faulkner, A. (2013). The adoption space of early-emerging technologies: evaluation, innovation, gatekeeping (Pathways to Adoption of Technologies in Healthcare-PATH).